Instant egg head fusion vs fission free#

The secondary's relatively massive tamper (which resists outward expansion as the explosion proceeds) also serves as a thermal barrier to keep the fusion fuel filler from becoming too hot, which would spoil the compression.

Instant egg head fusion vs fission free#

In modern weapons fueled by lithium deuteride, the fissioning plutonium spark plug also emits free neutrons that collide with lithium nuclei and supply the tritium component of the thermonuclear fuel. The fission products of this chain reaction heat the highly compressed, and thus super dense, thermonuclear fuel surrounding the spark plug to around 300 million kelvin, igniting fusion reactions between fusion fuel nuclei. The density of the plutonium fuel rises to such an extent that the spark plug is driven into a supercritical state, and it begins a nuclear fission chain reaction. This compresses the entire secondary stage and drives up the density of the plutonium spark plug. The secondary fusion stage-consisting of outer pusher/tamper, fusion fuel filler and central plutonium spark plug-is imploded by the X-ray energy impinging on its pusher/tamper. The distance separating the two assemblies ensures that debris fragments from the fission primary (which move much more slowly than X-ray photons) cannot disassemble the secondary before the fusion explosion runs to completion. These X-rays flood the void (the 'radiation channel' often filled with polystyrene foam) between the primary and secondary assemblies placed within an enclosure called a radiation case, which confines the X-ray energy and resists its outward pressure. Its temperature soars past approximately 100 million kelvin, causing it to glow intensely with thermal X-rays. Ī fusion explosion begins with the detonation of the fission primary stage.

For this reason, thermonuclear weapons are often colloquially called hydrogen bombs or H-bombs. ) and a separate nuclear fusion secondary stage containing thermonuclear fuel: the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, or in modern weapons lithium deuteride. Modern fusion weapons consist essentially of two main components: a nuclear fission primary stage (fueled by 235 The first full-scale thermonuclear test was carried out by the United States in 1952 the concept has since been employed by most of the world's nuclear powers in the design of their weapons. Characteristics of nuclear fusion reactions make possible the use of non-fissile depleted uranium as the weapon's main fuel, thus allowing more efficient use of scarce fissile material such as uranium-235 ( 235 Its greater sophistication affords it vastly greater destructive power than first-generation nuclear bombs, a more compact size, a lower mass, or a combination of these benefits. Radiation case (confines thermal X-rays by reflection)Ī thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb ( H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design.Radiation channel filled with polystyrene foam.Tritium 'boost' gas (blue) within plutonium or uranium hollow core.Uranium-238 ('tamper') lined with beryllium reflector.We propose that CaFu corresponds to the last step of phagosome–lysosome fusion, when a raised Ca 2+ concentration from the compartment lumen activates SNAREs for fusion. CaFu is independent of the Ca 2+-regulated proteins synaptotagmin-7, calmodulin, and annexins A2 and A7. StaFu and CaFu are inhibited by a mutant form of α-SNAP (NAPA) that does not support soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) activation, and both are inhibited by a mixture of the cytosolic domains of three cognate Q-SNARE proteins, demonstrating a role of SNAREs in Ca 2+-driven membrane merger. A Ca 2+ concentration of ∼120 µM supports maximal membrane attachment, and 15 µM Ca 2+ supports maximal membrane fusion, indicating that Ca 2+ has both a membrane-binding activity and a fusion-promoting activity. Investigating classical fusion and Ca 2+-driven fusion (CaFu) side-by-side in vitro, using the same membrane preparations, we show that CaFu is faster than standard fusion (StaFu), leads to larger fusion products and is not blocked by established inhibitors of StaFu. Here, we present a phagosome–lysosome fusion reaction that is driven by micromolar concentrations of Ca 2+ in the absence of ATP and cytosol. Several ATP- and cytosol-dependent fusion processes between membranes of the endocytic and exocytic pathways have been biochemically reconstituted.